Scheadules

I had high hopes that I could present my thesis before summer but now I have to admit that will not happen. I will aim at finishing most work by 30th July and then take a brake as my son is having summer holiday from day care. (Writing during nap time is just not enough.) Then I hopefully have time to write in August before the second baby is born. Just hoping she will take her time… After that I would take 6 months brake to nurse my baby. I don’t think I will be able to do any significant writing during the brake so I really have to push to finish before that.I should be able present the work, hand it over after corrections and write the final exam/essay in March 2018.

The major tasks still left to do are to find more literature on stereotyping, colonialism and still images of African characters in Western graphic design within popular culture. After this I still need to refine the narrative as I feel right now it is not as evocative as it should be.

Trouble with literature

I’m having trouble writing the review of related research. I seem to have trouble finding relevant studies or understanding them. A lot of the studies are from psychology or social anthropology both of which are really tuff read for me. I feel like giving up and making this an artsy auto ethnographic writing with no traditional structure so I could cheat and leave out the tricky part.

Ethical clearing

I have finally send Araba and her big sister a message asking their consent on the narrative and the illustrations. I gave them the link to read through the part where she is mentioned. Araba said she is fine with it. I’m still waiting for her sister’s response.

I did not ask consent from her parents as they speak very little English. I could ask someone to summarise the text for them in their language. I did however ask permission from my husband who acts as her guardian with me.

Results in brief

stereotype content model.jpg

Biased Presentations and their sources in the design process of the case study:

  • Black male as a macho/gigolo: From Hollywood movies
  • Romantic image of rural traditional people stuck in past: books, movies, children’s culture
  • Moraless black woman: Hollywood movies
  • Sambo / Childish natured person: from children’s culture
  • Servant: From Eurocentric history
  • Victim: Aid campaigns

These sources ultimately find their roots in the colonial period.

Also neutral presentations occurred during the process.

Other sources that affected the process were:

  • Encounters with individuals of the group portrayed
  • Immersion to the culture
  • Literature that I went trough during the thesis writing process

The affect the awareness of my own racial biases had on the design process:

  • It hindered creativity
  • It filtered out some biased presentations from the final illustrations
  • At final stage it played only a minor role as I decided to ignore some of the remarks I made in order to finish the project
  • Given too much importance it could have prevented the work from being finished successfully. Some level of bias will always show in the end result as bias is natural psychological phenomenon.

Earlier Illustrations 2010-2014

I collected all my earlier illustrations portraying African characters to see the level of bias in them. I had not Paid attention to possible racial bias in them as I did these illustrations. This is a good opportunity to check how the level of awareness shows in the finished work.

I was able to identify several victimising presentations falling under paternalistic presentations. This theme occurred in four illustrations. One of the illustrations fell under envious presentation, showing African leader as greedy and evil.

Looking back I would not have drawn an an African HIV victim like I had done in 2010. My experiences have thought me that this kind of portrayal is not respectful. Also the cartoon about the greedy African leader, which was ordered from me by my superior in 2014 is not something I am proud of. Majority of the works however do not show any obvious bias.

 

Fiske’s model applied

Sanders and Ramasubramanian (2002) published an informative table after Fiske. I will try to use their visualisation as a basis of my own.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233139346_An_Examination_of_African_Americans%27_Stereotyped_Perceptions_of_Fictional_Media_Characters

FIGURE-1-The-stereotype-content-model-using-warmth-and-competence-as-underlying.png

Meghan S. Sanders & Srividya Ramasubramanian (2012): An Examination of African Americans’ Stereotyped Perceptions of Fictional Media Characters, Howard Journal of Communications, 23:1, 17-39

Summary of the Design Process

The illustration project started as a mission to provide more variety to the illustrations about African characters in microstock image banks. Along the way my mission evolved into a personal sensemaking attempt about my role in a complex social setting.

I began my journey by setting a loose frame to my illustration project. I had a vague idea I wanted to draw illustrations about Africans to microstock image banks  such as Dreamstime, Adobe Stock, Fotolia and Istock among others. The idea came from frustration I felt going through these sites. The overall impression I had was that many of the illustrations provided kind of narrow representation of what it is to be an African. I saw images of rural women carrying pots on their heads and babies on their backs and nothing much. The images seemed to lack time and space. They were just floating somewhere in Africa unchanged by time. They seemed to have no message or agenda. Just pretty exotic images, that’s all. They were balanced by variety of images of modern city life depictions of black characters, usually labelled as African-American, lacking any references to the continent of Africa. I wanted to provide illustrations that were characteristically African with depth and which did not appear stereotypical. This was the setting where I began to plan the project.

My first sketches were explorative in nature. I really had no idea what topic I would choose. I only knew I wanted to create characters with depth. They should have a background, future, motives, feelings and personality.

As I sketched I tried to steer away anything stereotypical and offending. I felt like my own big brother, watching over every move to reveal the least of mistakes. I had a feeling that whatever I drew was biased somehow. I felt suffocated. Sketching was slow and unfruitful until I decided to analyse my works at a later stage instead of during or immediately after drawing.

From the beginning I struggled with the idea of white person drawing black people. How could I as a European designer define how an Africans would be seen. Should not I leave that task for the Africans themselves? I would forever only be able to give an outsiders view on things. I would continue the colonial setting of the white defining the black, the first world dictating how the third world should be seen. To decolonise the setting I should have left the job altogether. I never came to any catharsis with this dilemma. I just chose to plug my ears from the nagging voices to enable me continue drawing.

In attempt to release my creativity I collected some magazine cut outs and tried a collage method. Combining an image of an African mask and an image of a mother playing with her children produced an interesting outcome. I made a sketch based on the two photos. In the sketch a mask headed woman plays with white children. It reminded me of a mammy character and the role of blacks as house helps in Western popular culture.

I became fascinated by the house help theme. I reflected it with my own experiences with a young relative who had lived with us for a period of four years as our ward helping in house chores. Her position resembled that of a house help in some ways. She also represented a larger group known as house girls and their male equivalent house boys. They are a part of Ghanaian culture difficult for outsiders like me to fully understand at first sight. I thought this could be a fruitful topic to illustrate. I did however hesitate due to the private nature of the topic.

The outcome was a vector silhouette collection that will be put on sale on microstock image banks and an art series that can be showcased online or in an exhibition and sold as art prints.